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Our Focus

At ScienceMamasHQ, we focus on the crucial role of essential minerals in activating vitamin B2 (riboflavin) and its profound impact on overall health. Our research underscores the importance of iodine, selenium, and molybdenum in this process, revealing that replenishing these nutrients can lead to significant improvements and even reversal of symptoms in conditions such as Autism, Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS), Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), Histamine Intolerance, other allergic diseases and more.

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Iodine

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Selenium

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Molybdenum

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  • Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland. These hormones are crucial for the production of riboflavin kinase, the enzyme responsible for converting riboflavin into its active forms, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).

  • Adequate iodine levels ensure the proper activation of riboflavin, which is necessary for numerous metabolic processes.

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  • Selenium is vital for the function of deiodinase enzymes, which convert the thyroid hormone T4 into its active form T3. T3 then stimulates the production of riboflavin kinase.

  • Selenium deficiency can impair the activation of riboflavin, leading to functional vitamin B2 deficiency and subsequent health issues.

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  • Molybdenum, as a crucial component of sulfite oxidase, plays a key role in sulfur metabolism and the production of sulfate. 

  • This process may indirectly influence vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism through its impact on thyroid hormone function, which regulates numerous metabolic pathways in the body.

Iodine

Selenium

Molybdenum

Impact On Health

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  • A deficiency in any of these minerals can lead to a functional deficiency in vitamin B2, even if dietary intake of riboflavin is adequate.

  • This deficiency affects the metabolism of other B vitamins, such as B6 and B12, and can lead to a range of health issues, including Autism, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, MCAS, Histamine Intolerance, and other metabolic disorders.

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  • Our research aims to raise awareness about the interconnected nature of these nutrients and their impact on health.

  • We are dedicated to exploring how deficiencies in iodine, selenium, and molybdenum contribute to broader health issues and developing strategies to address these deficiencies through education and supplementation.

Functional Vitamin B2 Deficiency

Research and Awareness

References

 

Anderson, B.B., Saary, M., Stephens, A.D., Perry, G.M., Lersundi, I.C. and Horn, J.E., 1976. Effect of riboflavin on red-cell metabolism of vitamin B6. Nature, 264(5586), pp.574-575.

 

Andrès, E., Serraj, K., Zhu, J. and Vermorken, A.J., 2013. The pathophysiology of elevated vitamin B12 in clinical practice. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 106(6), pp.505-515.

 

Arthur, J.R., Nicol, F. and Beckett, G.J., 1993. Selenium deficiency, thyroid hormone metabolism, and thyroid hormone deiodinases. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 57(2), pp.S236-S239.

 

Ashoori, M. and Saedisomeolia, A., 2014. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) and oxidative stress: a review. British journal of nutrition, 111(11), pp.1985-1991.

 

Capo-chichi, C.D., Guéant, J.L., Lefebvre, E., Bennani, N., Lorentz, E., Vidailhet, C. and Vidailhet, M., 1999. Riboflavin and riboflavin-derived cofactors in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 69(4), pp.672-678.

 

Chung, H.R., 2014. Iodine and thyroid function. Annals of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism, 19(1), p.8.

 

Cimino, J.A., Jhangiani, S., Schwartz, E. and Cooperman, J.M., 1987. Riboflavin metabolism in the hypothyroid human adult. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 184(2), pp.151-153.

 

Cimino, J.A., Noto, R.A., Fusco, C.L. and Cooperman, J.M., 1988. Riboflavin metabolism in the hypothyroid newborn. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 47(3), pp.481-483.

 

Dietary Reference Intakes: Thiamin R, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline, 1998. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board.

 

Field, M.S., Bailey, R.L. and Stover, P.J., 2022. Unrecognized riboflavin deficiency and evidence for cascading effects on vitamin B-6 status. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 116(6), pp.1472-1473.

 

Forhead, A.J. and Fowden, A.L., 2014. Thyroid hormones in fetal growth and prepartum maturation. Journal of endocrinology, 221(3), pp.R87-R103.

 

Giancaspero, T.A., Galluccio, M., Miccolis, A., Leone, P., Eberini, I., Iametti, S., Indiveri, C. and Barile, M., 2015. Human FAD synthase is a bi-functional enzyme with a FAD hydrolase activity in the molybdopterin binding domain. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 465(3), pp.443-449.

 

Guerra-Shinohara, E.M., Paiva, A.A., Rondó, P.H., Yamasaki, K., Terzi, C.A. and D'Almeida, V., 2002. Relationship between total homocysteine and folate levels in pregnant women and their newborn babies according to maternal serum levels of vitamin B12. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 109(7), pp.784-791.

 

Hanna, M., Jaqua, E., Nguyen, V. and Clay, J.B., 2022. Vitamins: Functions and Uses in Medicine. Perm. J, 26, pp.89-97.

 

Hille, R., Rétey, J., Bartlewski-Hof, U., Reichenbecher, W. and Schink, B., 1998. Mechanistic aspects of molybdenum-containing enzymes. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 22(5), pp.489-501.

 

Hustad, S., Nedrebø, B.G., Ueland, P.M., Schneede, J., Vollset, S.E., Ulvik, A. and Lien, E.A., 2004. Phenotypic expression of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C→ T polymorphism and flavin cofactor availability in thyroid dysfunction. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 80(4), pp.1050-1057.

 

Hyppönen, E., 2011. Preventing vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy–importance for the mother and child. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 59(1), pp.28-31.

 

Kennedy, D.O., 2016. B vitamins and the brain: mechanisms, dose and efficacy—a review. Nutrients, 8(2), p.68.

 

Krishnamurthy, H.K., Reddy, S., Jayaraman, V., Krishna, K., Song, Q., Rajasekaran, K.E., Wang, T., Bei, K. and Rajasekaran, J.J., 2021. Effect of micronutrients on thyroid parameters. Journal of Thyroid Research, 2021(1), p.1865483.

 

Kobayashi, R., Hasegawa, M., Kawaguchi, C., Ishikawa, N., Tomiwa, K., Shima, M. and Nogami, K., 2021. Thyroid function in patients with selenium deficiency exhibits high free T4 to T3 ratio. Clinical Pediatric Endocrinology, 30(1), pp.19-26.

 

Lossow, K., Renko, K., Schwarz, M., Schomburg, L., Schwerdtle, T. and Kipp, A.P., 2021. The nutritional supply of iodine and selenium affects thyroid hormone axis related endpoints in mice. Nutrients, 13(11), p.3773.

 

Murray-Kolb, L.E. and Beard, J.L., 2009. Iron deficiency and child and maternal health. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 89(3), pp.946S-950S.

 

Pinto, J.T. and Zempleni, J., 2016. Riboflavin. Advances in nutrition, 7(5), pp.973-975.

 

Powers, H.J., 2003. Riboflavin (vitamin B-2) and health. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 77(6), pp.1352-1360.

 

Refsum, H., 2001. Folate, vitamin B12 and homocysteine in relation to birth defects and pregnancy outcome. British Journal of Nutrition, 85(S2), pp.S109-S113.

 

Rivlin, R.S., 1970. Riboflavin metabolism. New England Journal of Medicine, 283(9), pp.463-472.

 

Rivlin, R.S., 1975. Hormonal regulation of riboflavin metabolism. In Riboflavin (pp. 393-426). Boston, MA: Springer US.

 

Russell-Jones, G., 2022. Paradoxical Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Normal to Elevated Serum B12, With Metabolic Vitamin B12 Deficiency. Journal of Biology, 11(3), pp.001-004.

 

Russell-Jones, G., 2022. Functional Vitamin B12 deficiency in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Int J Psychiatry, 7(3), pp.153-158.

 

Russell-Jones, G., 2022. VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY AND DEPRESSION: WHAT IS THE MECHANISM?. Asian J Psychiatr, 23(S2), pp.1-9.

 

Skeaff, S.A., 2011. Iodine deficiency in pregnancy: the effect on neurodevelopment in the child. Nutrients, 3(2), pp.265-273.

 

Soldin, O.P. and Aschner, M., 2007. Effects of manganese on thyroid hormone homeostasis: potential links. Neurotoxicology, 28(5), pp.951-956.

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